Expert Witness Blog

The Chilling Effects Clearinghouse, a joint project of the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Harvard, Stanford, Berkeley, University of San Francisco, University of Maine, George Washington School of Law, and Santa Clara University School of Law clinics, answers the question, What stages are involved in the reverse engineering process?

Answer: Since the reverse engineering process can be time-consuming and expensive, reverse engineers generally consider whether the financial risk of such an endeavor is preferable to purchasing or licensing the information from the original manufacturer, if possible.

In order to reverse engineer a product or component of a system, engineers and researchers generally follow the following four-stage process:

In New or Existing Building Turnover to Condo Ownership, architecture expert witness David E. Chase writes that no matter how many units are involved, a future condominium association should consider both the physical and financial status of any new or existing complex before Turnover to assume full ownership.

Finally, the Report should identify any deviation from the “permitted” plans and specifications with the appropriate documentation including dated photographic files and a code check template. Also if there are corrective items, a dollar figure for corrective action, item by item, must be required in order that the association and developer can discuss the realities of reaching consensus to achieve Turnover objectives.

Second, assuming that either a new condo project will have building component deficiencies or say a 15 year old rental apartment complex will most likely have some construction deterioration requiring repair and/or replacement due to past continued use, the developer must decide what to “fix”. Parking areas, landscaping areas, living units and common areas may need refreshing together with plumbing, air-conditioning and electrical system improvements and code updates.

In Preparing and Presenting Expert Testimony, traffic engineer and accident reconstruction expert witness Lawrence Levine writes:

While historically, individual accident investigation and reconstruction has been the venue of police agencies charged with enforcing the vehicle codes, traffic engineers can serve a vital role as expert witnesses in the determination of the causes of individual vehicle crashes. In doing so it is vital to have developed an understanding of such issues as Human Factors, Positive Guidance, Violation of Expectations, and Design/Construction and Maintenance in relation to the question of “Proximate Causes” of accidents.

Many traffic engineers attend Accident Investigation and Reconstruction classes along with police investigators, insurance company investigators, agency investigators, and practitioners and engineers of other disciplines to supplement their basic training in these arts. Such courses are offered by Northwestern University’s Traffic Institute, George Washington University, The Florida IPTM Institute of Police Traffic Management, as well as private offerings via professional institutes and organizations. These courses are offered many times to agencies on site and take three weeks for the basic reconstruction classes. Generally engineers are accepted by the courts as experts if they are licensed. Many police officers and engineers also are attending classes and taking the ACTAR (Accredited Commission for Traffic Accident Reconstruction) certification test in Accident Reconstruction. There is no mandated course or test in this field as yet. Many Professional organizations also offer in depth training, certification and field testing. Among these, most engineers are familiar with SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers), ITE (Institute of Transportation Engineers) and NAFE (National Academy of Forensic Engineers).

In The Role Of The Forensic Engineer, forensic engineering expert witness Philip J. O’Keefe, PE, MLE, writes:

Methods used in forensic engineering investigations, sometimes referred to as “root cause failure analysis,” can include reverse engineering, testing of exemplar components, review of documentary evidence, and examination of alleged failed components. Investigations are conducted in view of engineering principles, standard design practices, industry standards, and regulatory requirements.

In the course of a forensic investigation, it’s sometimes impossible to dissect components and devices without destroying any evidence that might be contained within. If destructive examination is unacceptable or impossible, non destructive techniques can be used effectively. Examples of non-destructive examination (NDE) techniques can include the use of a hand-held multimeter to check for electrical continuity or the use of x-ray equipment to reveal telltale signs of failure.

In The Insurer’s Duty to Defend: A Quick Analysis, attorney and insurance expert witness Thomas H. Veitch explains:

The application of the “duty to defend” in liability policies has been a cause of controversy for many, many years. Consequently, there is now an abundance of case law dealing with a variety of issues involving the duty to defend. The case law provides some general guidelines for dealing with these issues. While the precise rules of law may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, the guidelines are much the same. The following are some general rules applied by Texas courts and other jurisdictions following the “Eight Corners Analysis” regarding a duty to defend.

Read more: insuranceexpertnetwork.com.

In New or Existing Building Turnover to Condo Ownership, architecture expert witness David E. Chase writes that no matter how many units are involved, a future condominium association should consider both the physical and financial status of any new or existing complex before Turnover to assume full ownership.

Actually, the Turnover Condition Report, covering the building common areas, site development improvements and individual units, should be carried out after the “punch list” and a Certificate of Occupancy but… before the association accepts full ownership of the complex.

A Turnover Condition Report ,prepared by an independent Architect and/or Engineer , should follow the professional standard of care commonly accepted for constructed improvements of this nature. The process begins with a walk-through and other visual observations together with an examination of the “permitted” building construction documents. Although not as exhaustive as a “punch list”, this due diligence activity will result in a Turnover Condition Report offering a generalized compilation of line items for the association to accept or… developer to correct, before the association accepts full Turnover ownership.

In Preparing and Presenting Expert Testimony, traffic engineer and accident reconstruction expert witness Lawrence Levine writes:

Case Preparation As Traffic Engineers, our goal is to provide safe movement on highways and streets. However, all too often accidents occur resulting in injuries and property damage, from which lawsuits often arise. The lawsuit, which in this case would either be criminal or civil, is the basic manner in which money is distributed and justice served to the injured parties. In a criminal case (involuntary manslaughter, for instance) the question is “who dunnit?” and “was it intentional – was there a motive – why did they do it?” A civil case, however, involves the question of “what were the proximate cause(s) which enabled the injuries and damages to occur?” An example of a civil case would be if a party’s vehicle hits a signal pole which is unprotected and installed too close to the road, and thereby becomes injured. These are two fundamentally different issues. The Criminal case generally deals with investigating people, determining wrongdoings, and consequently assigning blame and doling out punishment accordingly. Traffic Engineers can become involved in criminal cases as Accident Reconstructionists or in determining if there was some sort of criminal malfeasance in the construction of a project which consequently failed and caused injury. However, generally traffic engineers are involved as experts in civil cases where the injured party seeks relief through monetary judgments.

In The Role Of The Forensic Engineer, forensic engineering expert witness Philip J. O’Keefe, PE, MLE, writes:

Forensic engineers are much like scientific detectives. They are called on to conduct investigations and determine the causes of accidents, fires, equipment failures, safety system malfunctions, and structural collapses. Milton F. Lunch, the former General Council for the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) sums it up very well:

“Forensic engineering is the application of the art and science of engineering in the jurisprudence system, requiring the services of legally qualified professional engineers. Forensic engineering may include investigation of the physical causes of accidents and other sources of claims and litigation, preparing of engineering reports, testimony at hearings and trials in administrative or judicial proceedings, and the rendition of advisory opinions to assist the resolution of disputes affecting life or property.”

Disability insurance expert witnesses may write reports and opine on managed care, HMOs, and insurance claims. Medical expert Richard N. Podell, M.D., M.P.H. explains that for someone with fibromyalgia, it’s a difficult step to apply for disability and upsetting if an insurance company representative appears not to believe that they are actually very ill. He says the patient can improve their fibromyalgia disability claim by imagining themselves in the medical insurance examiner’s place.

Medical Expert Witness Issue #3:

With fibromyalgia, when you physically push through your limits the expected flare-up of symptoms might not occur right away. Often the flare-up is delayed for hours or even a day. This pattern of fibromyalgia disability is very different from that of most other illnesses. Insurance industry representatives and indeed many physicians– don’t yet understand this very basic fact.